Table of Contents

Table of Contents
 

Volume I
Part 1

Author request 1
Preface 2
Abstract 3
1-         Introduction  14
Part1b- Macrocosm 19
2- Mechanic of Macroscopic Objects 19
2(1) - Motion of a rigid body 19
2(1)1 - General aspect 19
2(1)1a - Preliminary step 19
2(1)1b - Delta Effect 21
2(1)1c - A proposed mechanism 26
2(1)1d - Right- and left-handed H particle-paths intrinsic spin as extra- dimensions 26
2(1)2 - Path constancy 27
2(1)3 -Linear momentum and total energy 28
2(1)4 - Inertia of an H system 30
2(2) - Energy at its different figures 31
2(2)1 - General aspect 31
2(2)2 - The equivalence of mass and energy 33
2(3) - Length and time concept 34
2(3)1 - General aspect 34
2(3)2 - Discussion 37
2(3)2a - Dependence of time and length on H particle-paths path-length 37
2(3)2b - Space-time 39
2(3)3 - Time reversal symmetry 39
2(4) - Least action principle in respect to an isolated particle 40
2(4)1 - General aspect 40
2(4)2 - Path-length density 43
2(4)2a- General aspect 43
2(4)2b- Path-length density and the role of S/h 44
2(4)3 - A step towards gauge theory 45
2(4)4- Path-length characteristics 46
2(4)4a- Types of path-length variation in different media 46
2(4)4b- Reversible and irreversible kinds of path-length 47
2(4)4c- Discussion 47
2(5) - Concept of interval on the basis of H particle-paths hypothesis 48
Part 1c- Paradoxes and Criticism 50
2(6) - Paradoxes and criticism 50
2(6)1 -Twin Paradox 50
2(6)2 - Inertial reference frame 50
2(6)2a - Relativity, inertia dependence 50
2(6)2b - Preferred reference frame 51
2(6)2c - Locally fixed reference frame 54
2(6)2d - H particle-paths viewed through an inertial reference frame 54
2(6)2e - The fourth time coordinates of CMPRF 55
2(6)2f - Absolute motion 55
2(6)3 - Fizeau's Test and SRT 56
2(6)4 - Sagnac Effect 56
2(6)4a - General aspect 56
2(6)4b - Explanation of the Figure 2(5) 58
A) - Viewed from the lab frame as detector (source on round table) 58
B) - Viewed through the round table rotating frame 60
C) Viewed outside the round table (the lab as source and detector) 60
2(6)4c - Rotating ring-like beam in Sagnac Experiment 61
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2(6)5- Discussion 62
2(6)5a- General Aspect 62
2(6)5b - Effect of g 1 - Contraction Factor 63
2(6)5c- Sagnac test interpretations 64
2(7) - Pseudo-particles 66
2(8) - CMPRF's observer scenario in an isolated mass-bodies system 66
2(8)1 - General aspect 66
2(8)2 - In the frame-Out of frame 67
2(8)3 - Discussion 67
2(9) - Forwarding and backwarding time intervals 68
2(10) - Approaching or receding binary inertial reference frame systems 68
2(10)1 - Non reversible single direction H particle-paths H system 68
2(10)2 - Reversible H particle-paths H system 71
2(10)3 - Discussion 72
 

Part 2
Part 2a- Microcosm 74
3- Mechanic of Microscopic Objects 74
3(1) - Motion of fundamental particles (Compton Effect) 74
3(1)1 - General aspect 74
3(1)2 - Counter-currency mode of motion of negapa and posipa 78
3(2) - Study of H particle-paths of an H system (e.g. electron) 81
3(3) - Constancy of the total path-limitG 83
Part 2b- Electromagnetism 84
4- Electromagnetism 84
4(1) - Introduction 84
4(2) - Mechanism of motion 84
4(3) - Interaction of two moving charged H systems 85
4(3)1 - General aspect 85
A) Preliminary step 86
B) Electron structure according to Fig. 4(4) 87
C) Electromagnetical expandons 93
D) Magnetic flux quantum 94
4(3)2 - Discussion 94
4(3)3 - Spin dependence of field interactions 95
4(3)4 - Photon spin 97
4(4) - Photon regarded as a moving H system 97
4(5) - Interaction of two charges at rest 99
4(6) - Electric charge and its interaction 102
4(6)1- General aspect 102
4(6)2 -Matter wave frequency relationship of a charged particle with that of the related emitting photon in a external electrical field 105
4(6)3 - Vector potential from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 106
4(6)4 - Negatons and positons as expanding potential spheres 107
4(6)5 - Virtual Particles 108
4(6)5a - General aspect 108
4(6)5b - Virtual photon 109
4(6)6- Speed of electromagnetical interactions 109
4(7) - Concept of electrical charge and electromagnetic interactions 110
 

Part 3
Part 3a-Gravitation 112
5-Gravitation 112
5(1) - General aspect 112
5(1)1 - Scope 112
5(1)2 - Dark matter 113
5(2) - Mass -Field interaction 114
5(2)1 - General aspect 114
5(2)1a - Gravitational dome 115
5(2)1b - Equilibrium stage 116
5(2)1c - Gravitomagnetism from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 119
A) General aspect 119
B) Discussion 119
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C) Contracton 121
C1) General aspect 121
C2) Contracton and geon comparison 123
5(2)1d - Speed of gravity 125
A) General aspect 125
A1) Preliminary step 125
A2) An H particle-paths hypothesis interpretation based on experimental results 126
B) Non aberrative gravitational potential field 126
C) Discussion 127
D) Gravitational cone-like cavities 128
5(2)1e- Curved space-time from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 129
5(2)2 - Mass levitation in an external gravitational field 130
5(2)3 - Falling of a mass in the external gravitational field 131
5(3) - Inertial mass - Gravitational mass 131
5(3)1- General aspect 131
5(3)2 - An interpretation of identity of inertial and gravitational masses based on H particle-paths hypothesis 133
5(4) - Expanding spheres (or closed surface) 133
5(4)1 - General aspect 133
5(4)2 - H particle-paths motion on gravitational sphere 134
5(4)3 - Aether drag 135
5(4)4 - H particle-paths of a field in a moving medium (Fresnel drag) 136
5(4)5 - Some results due to expanding gravitational surfaces and H particle-paths behavior in vacuum space 137
Part 3b- Mater and wave 139
5(5) - Big Bang Remnants 139
5(5)1 - Primordial Expanding spheres remnant 139
5(5)2 -Cosmic microwave background remnant 139
5(6) -Matter-wave 141
5(6)1- Preliminary aspect 141
5(6)2- Dual gravitational and electromagnetical aspects of de Broglie wave 143
5(6)3- Wave-like motion of H particle-paths in a medium 143
5(6)4- Matter wave speed scenario 144
5(7) - Black hole 144
5(7)1-Total number of H particle-paths on a potential sphere 144
5(7)2 - General aspect based on H particle-paths hypothesis 145
5(7)3 - Information lost puzzle 145
5(7)4 - H particle-paths arrangements on the event horizon 147
5(7)5 - An interpretation based on bi-Universes hypothesis 147
5(7)6 - Black hole entropy 148
5(7)7 - Black hole discreteness scenario 150
5(7)8- Black hole in the stellar clusters and normal galaxies 150
5(7)9- Self-accelerating particles 152
5(8) - Planck and Schwarzschild scales 153
5(8)1 - Preliminary step 153
5(8)2 -The maximum density referred to a mass 154
Part 3c- Gravitational Interactions 156
5(9) - Gravitational interaction at macroscopic case 156
5(9)1 - Falling of a rigid body 156
5(9)2 - Discussion 156
5(9)3 - Two orbiting masses correlation 157
5(9)3a - General aspect 157
5(9)3b - Mach's principle 158
5(9)3c - Correlation between two mass-bodies and field variations 159
5(9)3d - Path-length of orbiting mass-bodies 159
A) Path-length of mass-bodies 159
B) Path-length of gravitational fields 160
C) Common H hall package tunnel 161
D) Recurrence of events (events) 162
5(10)- Gravitational interaction at microscopic case 164
5(10)1 - Bending of light beam in a gravitational field 164
5(10)2 - Falling of a fundamental particle 165
5(11)- The gravitational fields' configuration 167
5(12) - Spaceman story (optional) 167
5(13) - Equivalence principle from point of view of H particle-paths considering Section 5(12) 168
5(14) - A man on a planet 168
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5(15) - The first law of Newton must be modified? 169
5(15)1 - General aspect 169
5(15)2 - Dark Energy 170
5(15)2a- Dark matter conversion to dark energy 170
5(15)2b- Accelerated expanding Universe 171
5(15)2c- Lambda vacuum 173
5(15)3- The fate of the Universe 174
5(15)3a- Spontaneous inflation during Big Bang 174
5(15)3b- Contraction after expansion 175
5(15)3c- The Big Crunch 177
5(15)3d- Imprinted existence of entities during Universe evolution 178
A) General aspect 178
B) Proposed mechanisms in cyclic universe 179
5(15)3e- The entire universe as a single object 185
A) Wave function of the Universe 183
B) Total path-length of the entire universe 185
C) Total energy of the entire universe 185
D) If there is more than one Universe? 185
E) Horizon of expanding universe 186
 

Volume II
Part 3d- Force carrier particles 187
5(16) - Wave-like structure of gravitational field 187
5(16)1 - General aspect 187
5(16)1a - Preliminary step 187
A) Introduction 187
B) Expandons behavior through gravitational field 193
C) Particle red-shifting 192
5(16)1b - Gravitational field from view point of H particle-paths hypothesis 195
A) Explanation of the Figure 5(8) 195
B) Gravitational radiation 203
C) Ratio factor A 205
D) A proposed skin growth mechanism simulation of expansion of gravitational surfaces (or expandons) 205
E) Time's arrow increment due to a gravitational field 205
F) Time's arrow, T-symmetry and potential scenario in levels of gravitational spheres 205
F1) Time on the level of gravitational spheres 205
F2) Potential transformation 206
5(16)1c - Discussion 206
A) - General aspect 206
A1 - None accelerating state 206
A2 - Accelerated state 210
A3 - Expandon and Graviton 210
A4 - Gravitational time unit 211
B) - Limiting conditions 212
C) - Background time 212
5(16)1d - Electromagnetism and gravity 212
5(16)1e - Delta Effect and path constancy in gravitational field 213
5(16)2 - Singularity at event zone 214
5(16)2a - General Aspect 214
A) Preliminary steps 214
B) Comparison of the deviation degree from reversibility and cosmological factor 217
5(16)2b - Expansion from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 218
5(16)2c - Gravitational refraction 219
A) - General aspect 219
B) - Internal H particle-paths geometrical shape of a particle, or, mass-body through gravitational field 221
Part3e- Discreteness 223
5(16)3 - H hall quantized package 223
5(16)3a - General aspect 223
5(16)3b - Vacuum space quantized texture 226
A) Preliminary step 226
B) Particle track texture through vacuum 227
C) Effect of inertia on the trajectories of particle and mass-bodies through vacuum texture 230
D) Geometrical shape 231
D1) General aspect 231
1a1 9
D2) Path-limit , G as a scale of vacuum texture medium 231
E) Pair production in vacuum space 234
E1) Preliminary step 234
E2) Axion-like particle generation scenario 234
F) Constancy of light speed in normal vacuum 235
F1) Normal vacuum texture excluding gravitational field 235
F2) Normal vacuum texture including gravitational field 235
F3) Normal texture formation via gravitational field 236
G) Quantized texture behavior at micro-world 236
H) Individual vacuum quantized spatial texture 236
I) Track texture dependence to the deBroglie matter wave 237
J) Track texture and spacetime comparison 237
5(16)3c - Vacuum energy density 238
5(16)3d -Vacuum background energy 239
5(16)3e - Concept of distance and time in vacuum medium 240
5(16)3f - Photon travel through space 241
A) General aspect 241
B) Retarded and advanced waves scenario 241
5(16)3g - Path-length of an H hall quantized package 242
A) General aspect 242
B) Path-length variation of an H system 244
C) Particle motion from viewpoints of string theory and H particle-paths hypothesis 244
5(16)3h - Abstract vacuum 245
5(16)3i - Vacuum polarization from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 245
5(16)4 - Electric permittivity and magnetic permeability as two characteristics of H hall quantized package 246
5(16)5 - Spirally expanding gravitational surface 248
5(16)6 - CPT Scenario 250
Part 3f-Time 252
5(16)7 - Arrow of time 252
5(16)7a - General aspect 252
5(16)7b - Time's arrow dependence to deviation degree from reversibility Alfa 253
A) General aspect 253
B) Superluminality scenario in a receding Universe 254
5(16)7c - Time's arrow categories 254
5(16)7d - Cosmological time's arrow 256
5(16)7e - Time arrow at quantum level 256
5(16)7f - Radiative time's arrow 257
5(16)7g- Psychological time's arrow 257
5(16)7h- Time perception 259
5(16)7i- Time's arrow direction 259
5(16)8 - CP violation 259
5(16)8a- General aspect 259
5(16)8b - Discussion 260
5(16)8c - Sub-unique H system 261
5(16)8d - Time's arrow dependence on interaction 262
5(16)9 - bi-Universes hypothesis 262
5(16)9a - Right-handed and Left-handed Universe 262
5(16)9b - Handedness reversal 264
5(16)9c - Preference of matter respect to antimatter 265
5(16)9d - Entropy and arrow of time dependence 266
A)- General aspect 266
B)- Discussion 267
C)- Entropy increment in backward time 269
5(16)10 - Photon traveling through a barrier 269
5(16)11- Path-lengths in different media 270
5(17) - Two successive gravitational spheres radii difference of proton in case of isolated hydrogen atom 271
5(18) - Pendulum and the Wall 273
 

Part 4
Part 4a- Forces 275
6- Acting Force on Rigid Body 275
6(1) - Mass-body at rest (static) 275
6(2) - Mass-body at movement (dynamic) 276
1a1 10
6(2)1- Accelerating motion 276
6(2)1a- Collision 276
6(2)1b - External force 277
6(2)2- Discussion 278
6(2)3 - Mirror image effect 279
6(2)4 - Some kinds of interaction 281
A)- General aspect 281
B)- Interaction of irreversible and reversible path-lengths 281
6(2)4a - Electromagnetic radiation via impact 281
6(2)4b - Chaos theory from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 281
6(2)5 - Weak nuclear force 282
A) General aspect 282
B) W and Z Bosons 282
6(2)6 - Force and Matter 283
6(2)6a -What is the origin of mass and force? 283
6(2)6b - Different forces from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 284
6(2)6c- Higgs Bosons 284
6(2)6d- Superforce 285
A) General aspect 285
B) Grand unification of all the interactions 286
Part 4b- Quantum level 287
7- Heisenberg's relationships 287
7(1) - General aspect 287
7(2) - Discussion 290
7(2)1- General aspect 290
7(2)2- Superposition scenario 291
7(2)2a- General aspect 291
7(2)2b- Stay time interval and superposition of quantum states 291
7(3) - Limiting conditions 292
7(4) - An interpretation of Heisenberg's relationships based on H particle-paths 293
7(4)1 - Preliminary aspect 293
7(4)2 - Discussion 295
7(4)2a - General aspect 295
7(4)2b - Electron bounded in atom 295
7(4)2c - A proposed mechanism 297
7(4)2d- Entangled pair of particle measurement 298
7(4)2e- A mechanism of particle-wave-duality 299
A) General aspect 299
B) Photon red-shifting 302
C) Doppler effect 303
7(4)2f - Particle stay time in an H hall package 303
A) Stay time in gravitational field 303
B) Indistinguishability scenario 305
C) Spontaneity from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 306
D) The increment of intrinsic gravitational field of a particle or a mass-body in an external gravitational field 307
D1) General aspect 307
D2) Equivalence principle scenario 308
D3) Clock rating 308
E) Mutual interaction of particles or mass-bodies with H hall packages of spatial medium 308
7(4)2h- Localization Problems 309
Part 4c- media 311
7(4)3- The media coefficient a dependence on medium from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 311
A) In the vacuum space medium 311
B) In the gravitational field medium 312
C) In the slit gap medium 312
C1- General aspect 312
C2- Particle paths coherence 313
D) In the mass medium 313
E) Particle track texture medium 313
E1) In vacuum medium 314
E2) In potential well and rigid box media 315
E3) In particle's main-body medium 318
A) In atom's electron shell medium 318
1a1 11
B) In zero rest mass medium 319
E4) Discussion 319
F) Abstract vacuum medium 319
G) Path-length, and path-limit in different media 320
H) Numerical values for media coefficient a and path-limit in different media 320
I) Decrement of media coefficient a during the time 321
J) The degree of right-, and left-handedness in different media 321
K) Wave function density comparison 322
7(5)- Reversons 322
7(5)1- Preliminary step 322
7(5)2- Reverson formation 323
7(5)2a- General aspect 323
7(5)2b-During an interaction 325
A) In microcosm 325
B) In macrocosm 326
7(5)3- Reverson characteristics 326
7(5)3a- General aspect 326
7(5)3b- Singularity aspect of reverson 327
7(5)3c- Star formation from the microscopic dust particles (H hall packages contraction) 328
A) General aspect 328
B) A proposed mechanism 329
7(5)3d- A proposed mechanism of mass submission 329
A) General aspect 329
B )Aggregated contractons 330
C) Boson formation 333
C1) During decay process and mass submission 333
C2) Mechanism of boson formation 333
D) Beat of gravitational sphere emission 334
E) Negapa and posipa increment during the Universe evolution 334
7(6) - Energy-space-time correlation at quantum level 334
Part 4d- Wave function 336
8 - Wave Function and its square in quantum theory 336
8(1) - Introduction 336
8(1)1 - One particle in three spatial dimensions 336
8(1)2 - Complex-Conjugate 337
8(1)3 - State vector 338
8(1)4 - Quantum state 340
8(1)5 - Is wave function a real wave? 340
8(2) - Particles trapped in potential well 341
8(2)1 - Electron trapped in a potential well (one dimensional motion) 341
8(2)2 - Particles in a closed rigid box 342
8(2)3 - Ground state and track texture of a particle 343
8(3) - Particle passing through the circular aperture and double slits 343
8(3)1- Electron fired through the circular aperture 343
8(3)2- Discussion 344
8(3)3 - Photon's diffraction track texture 344
8(3)4- Interference in double slit experiment 345
8(3)4a- General aspect 345
8(3)4b- Combined track texture formation 345
8(3)4c- Decoherence of combined track texture by thermal emission of photons 347
8(4) - EPR Paradoxes 347
8(5) - Unique H system 348
8(6) - An interpretation based on right- and left-handed H particle-paths 349
8(6)1 - Preliminary step 349
8(6)2 - H particle-paths interchanging 349
8(6)2a - General aspect 349
8(6)2b - H hall package interchanging with no effect at entanglement 350
8(6)2c - Interaction affecting entanglement due to measurement 350
8(7)- Entanglements of particles 350
8(7)1 - General aspect 350
8(7)1a- Between pair of particle 350
8(7)1b- In subsystems of a single particle 351
8(7)1c - Correlation from view point of H particle-paths hypothesis 352
8(7)1d- Decoherence 352
1a1 12
Part 4e- Reality 353
8(7)2 -Measurement from viewpoints of H particle-paths hypothesis 353
A) Proposal 1 353
B) Proposal 2 354
C) Measurement according to bi-Universes hypothesis 355
D) Time asymmetry in collapse of wave function 356
E) Effect of inertia 356
E1) General aspect 356
E2) Stay time of a system during decoherence 357
E3) A proposed mechanism 358
E4) Appearance of randomness, and discreteness from viewpoint of HPPH 359
E5) Wheeler It & Bit Scenario 360
F) Wave function evolution in different media 365
F1) The two media appearance in wave function 365
F2) Dependence of gravity and wave function evolution of an isolated particle in spatial medium 366
F3) The probability of finding of electron in a position (or state) 367
G) Results and conclusions 367
8(7)3 - Discussion 368
8(7)4 - Quantum mechanical interpretation of H particle-paths hypothesis 368
8(7)5 - de Broglie-Bohm theory, Standard quantum theory, and H particle-paths hypothesis comparison 370
8(7)6 - Many particles system 371
A) Preliminary step 371
B) A proposed mechanism 372
C) A proposed transfer from multi-dimensional micro-world to spatially 3-dimensional macro-world 373
D) Measurement 373
D1) - General aspect 373
D2) - Mirror image effect scenario 374
8(8) -Quantum gravity theories, wave structure of matter theory and H particle-paths hypothesis comparison 375
8(8)1- Loop quantum gravity 375
8(8)1a- General aspect 376
8(8)1b- Quantization of spacetime 376
8(8)2 - String theory 377
8(8)2a- Theoretical Frameworks 379
8(8)3-Wave structure of matter theory 380
8(9) - Explanation of Figs. 8 381
8(9)1 - Fixed source, Fig. 8(1) 381
8(9)2 - Moving source, Fig. 8(2) 38
8(9)3 - Discussion 386
 

Part 5
Part 5a- Particles 387
9- Hydrogen Atom 387
9(1) - Electron momentum 388
9(2) - Electron spin in orbital 390
9(3) - Moving H system 391
9(3)1 - Hydrogen atom 391
9(3)1a - General aspect 391
9(3)1b - A proposed mode of photon emission and absorption by hydrogen atom 395
9(3)2 - Hydrogen molecule 397
9(4) - Magnetic dipole moment and angular momentum relationship 397
9(4)1 - Preliminary step 397
9(4)2 - Discussion 398
9(4)3 - A proposed mechanism 399
9(4)4 - Path-length constancy of bounded electron in hydrogen atom 399
9(4)5- The effect of space quantized texture and vacuum texture 401
9(4)6- Fine structure constant from viewpoint of H particle-paths hypothesis 402
9(4)7- Explanation of Fig. 9(3)a 405
9(4)7a- General aspect 405
9(4)7b- Photon formation & absorption by an orbit e.g. of hydrogen atom 408
9(4)7c- A proposal of photon structure 408
9(5) - Electromagnetic rest mass 409
10-Particles 409
10(1) - Combined H systems 409
10(2) - Quarks and leptons 410
10(3) - Charged pions 410
1a1 13
10(4) - Quark's arrangement 410
10(4)1 - Proton's quarks arrangements 410
10(4)2 - Anti proton's quarks arrangement 414
10(5) - Electron-neutrino arrangement 414
10(6) - Lepton number 415
10(7) - A strange suggestion 416
10(8) - Particle axeon 416
11-Statistical behavior of H particle-paths 417
11(1) - General aspect 417
11(2) - Degree of expansion-contraction 418
11(3) - Statistical temperature q 419

Part 5b- Conclusions, References 421